The Effect Of Biofeedback On Basketball Players And Effect...

2. Background Information This study analyzes the use of biofeedback in basketball players and the effect on their on-court performance. Athletes need to have the capability to modify, learn, and correct their muscle memory. Enhancing an athlete’s performance depends on the ability for the central and peripheral nervous systems to communicate in response to an active stimulus. This study has some variables measured including the reaction time: the time between the stimulus and a bodily movement; the movement time: the time taken in the middle of the onset and completion of the bodily movement; and the response time: the aggregate time of the reaction and movement. There have been previous studies that look at the use of Electromyographic Biofeedback (EMG BFB) and Electroencephalographic Biofeedback (EEG BFB) and found correlations between improvement in performance and responsiveness to stimuli. However, there has not been an analysis of the use of Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback (HRV BFB) which mea sures an increase in the response time and attention deficit in athletes. The most important aspect of an athlete’s performance is the ability to tune out outside disturbances during a game or match. If an athlete can master that skill, then they can perform at their optimum output. Having the ability to enhance their techniques is important for achievement in sports, especially in basketball, where there are a multitude of offensive and defensive skills. Most notably,Show MoreRelatedDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesSurveys for Motivating Others 324 Diagnosing Poor Performance and Enhancing Motivation Work Performance Assessment 325 SKILL LEARNING 326 Increasing Motivation and Performance 326 Diagnosing Work Performance Problems 326 Enhancing Individuals’ Abilities 328 Fostering a Motivating Work Environment 330 Elements of an Effective Motivation Program 331 Establish Clear Performance Expectations 332 Remove Obstacles to Performance 334 Rei nforce Performance-Enhancing Behavior 336 Provide Salient Rewards 344

Plastic Surgery Is On The Rise - 984 Words

Jordan Parham Mrs. Torres Composition November 13, 2015 A Hideous Trend Liposuction, breast augmentation, rhinoplasty: plastic surgery is on the rise. Without even realizing it, young children, specifically girls, are taught by movies like Cinderella that they should prize beauty. Society continuously values beauty as people of different races and cultures have gone to extremes just for this elegance: from Chinese foot-binding to inflexible corsets from the Victorian times. While plastic surgery existed in ancient times, only recently has it been accepted by the majority of modern day society. Thousands of hard-earned dollars each year are used for these very elaborate surgeries. This increase of money in plastic surgeons’ pockets results from the desire of having a perfect life, wanting a younger look, and social media influences. As society itself becomes more and more obsessed with the idea of perfection and no human having any flaw, females feel the pressure of correcting any flaw on their bodies. This idea becomes reinforced in reality telev ision shows, advertisements, magazines, and newspapers. In advertisements, rarely does someone see another person with a crooked nose or a wrinkled face. Rather, these people typically have a straight nose, full face, and a slim body. Somewhere in the past few decades, humans have equated the perfect body with the perfect life. A study completed at the University of Texas by Daniel Hamermesh suggested that attractive people areShow MoreRelatedPlastic Surgery Should Be Banned For Teenagers 18943 Words   |  4 Pagesbody parts for cosmetic reasons in a procedure called plastic surgery. It was not long before teenagers 18 years of age and younger noticed the potential benefits of receiving these surgeries, such as fixing misconstrued facial features, or even taking away some unwanted fat. In 2012 there were 130,502 cosmetic procedures performed on teenagers below the age of 19 (Singh). There has been an increase of interest in teenagers for cosmetic surgery and the most common proced ures done for them are otoplastyRead MorePlastic Surgery Essay1017 Words   |  5 PagesPlastic Surgery Most of us dont like some aspect of our appearance, whether its sagging eyes or excess weight in particular areas, to name a few complaints. Lately a record numbers of Americans are doing something about it by having plastic surgery. Since 1995, the number of cosmetic procedures, which range from liposuction to facelifts, has almost tripled (English 23). Is that a healthy choice-or a dangerous trend? Aging has become the field of the future for plastic surgeons whose patientsRead MoreTaking a Look at Plastic Surgery1016 Words   |  4 Pagesbeauty. Plastic surgery is an easy road to the illusion of what people refer to as perfection. This subject is more closely related to women as they are always seeking attractive faces and flattering bodies. People tend to view plastic surgery as a simple amendment to their imperfections, but what they don’t realize is that a plastic surgery is a tool that could transform a beauty into a beast in just a couple of running minutes(Melissa Dittmann, September 2005, para.1). Plastic surgery is widelyRead MoreEssay on Plastic Surgery for Teenagers953 Words   |  4 PagesPlastic Surgery is a controversial topic nowadays. Some men and women believe that plastic surgery is a great chance to have finally the body, face, and even romantic life always dreamed about. In the U.S. the plastic surgery television shows have made these ideas more popular and common than ever. Some men and women have other reasons for want plastic surgery Such as people who want plastic surgery have disfigurements to the face or body because of birth defects or genetic problems. The rise inRead MoreCosmetic Surgery : A Social Fixture946 Words   |  4 Pagespossibilities for imagination through cosmetic surgery give rise to the opportunity of ascending and reshaping the social hierarchy in Brazil. As beauty and race are widely associated with social domain, cosmetic surgery incites the natural desire and fantasies for empowerment, social mobility, and modernity. Not only does beau ty and body modifications reflect the existing social and racial inequalities in Brazilian culture, the growing popularity of cosmetic surgery stems from its widespread availabilityRead MoreShould Teens Get Forced Into Getting Plastic Surgery?1656 Words   |  7 Pagesmother looks different from her, due to the fact she has gotten a lot of plastic surgery done to herself. Whose little girl wants to grow up and look beautiful, just like her mother, but doesn’t understand the risk of plastic surgery. When the little girl grows into a teen, she thinks she is finally ready to get her first cosmetic surgery done, a nose job. Her mother is all for it, since she has had plenty of cosmetic surgeries before, but is this perfectly team getting this for herself, where to makeRead MoreNew Technology For Plastic Surgery Emerging1665 Words   |  7 Pagesespecially dangerous to an already youthful person. There is always new technology for plastic surgery emerging, and celebrities are us ually the first ones to try it, because of their wealth, and because plastic surgeons want other people to follow in the path of these celebrities. Celebrities appear to be ageless as the craze for anti-aging cosmetics becomes more prevalent in society. People also undergo plastic surgery in order to look like a celebrity. Going back to the article, Newer Trends in FacialRead MoreTeenagers and the Plastic Surgery Epidemic Essay1090 Words   |  5 Pageslengths to reach this physical perfection, but when it comes down to it, just how far is too far? The numbers of teens going through with plastic surgery is startling and will continue to rise as America falls in to a beauty obsessed epidemic. The most drastic method used for mega alterations among teenagers is plastic surgery. There are two types of plastic surgery: reconstructive and cosmetic (Monohan). Reconstructive procedures are carried out in order to correct defects on the body. Cosmetic proceduresRead MorePop And Korean Pop Music Essay1511 Words   |  7 PagesKorea. There is a rise in popularity of plastic surgery amongst, the youth in South Korea and it looks like the fresh faces of the Korean music stars are fueling their obsession. One of the major stereotypes, or cognitive framework that influences the processing of cognitive information (Baron Branscombre, 2012), of the South Korean culture is that they are superficial and completely obsessed with their looks. I have even heard stories where parents give their children plastic surgery for graduationRead MoreEffects Of Plastic Surgery Among Teenagers1467 Words   |  6 Pages Plastic Surgery amongst Teenagers is on the rise In the year 2015, where here in the United States following the lastest celebrities has become an influence on many teens across the Unites States, what I mean by influence is plastic surgery. You see it everywhere it s on TV, on billboards, on the radio and all over the magazines. It seems as if everything a well known celebrity does teens want to do also. And what celebrity has gotten

Social Science Paper Free Essays

Christine Louise S. Lacanaria 2-Xavier TYPE| DEMOCRACY (CAPITLISM)| COMMUNISM| SOCIALISM| DEFINITION| an  economic system  based on the  private ownership  of  capital goods  and the  means of production, with the creation of goods and services for profit  . There are multiple variants of capitalism, including  laissez-faire,  welfare capitalism  and  state capitalism. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Science Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now from  Latin  communis  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ common, universal is a  revolutionary socialist  movement to create a  classless, moneyless  and  stateless  social order  structured  upon  common ownership  of the  means of production, It is where everyone is equal where as if one gets everybody must also have it| refers to an  economic system  characterised by  social ownership  of the  means of production  and co-operative management of the economy. [1]†Social ownership† may refer to  cooperative  enterprises,  common ownership,  state ownership, or citizen ownership of equity| CHARACTERISTICS| Private property-the right to own resources and bequeath property. Freedom of economic choice-work/not work, spend/not spend. Government should let markets be with a hands-off philosophy. | A theoretical economic system characterized by the collective ownership of property and by the organization of labor for the common advantage of all members. A system of government in which the state plans and controls the economy and a single, often authoritarian party holds power, claiming to make progress toward a higher social order in which all goods are equally shared by the people. | are economic systems that emphasize public ownership and heavy government influence in economic affairs. As a political system, socialism emphasizes co-operative work for the common good, a uniformed class system, and reductions of hierarchy in both economics and politics. | GOVERNMENT| The government and the leader is chosen by the people and almost everyone or majority of the people can vote for the leader| The party is chosen by the people, where as the party choses the leader or the president of the country. | Democratic elections don’t exist and in theory all members in power are equal. The ruling party often establishes its rule by force. However, some modern socialist or democratic socialist systems, such as those in Scandinavia, have several parties and democratic elections. | EDUCATION| to decide individually how, when, what, where and with whom they learn to have an equal share in the decision-making as to how their organizations – in particular their schools – are run, and which rules and sanctions, if any, are necessary| quality of education is largely choosen by the capitalist political state, which chooses to educate us in ways that are beneficial to them. Capitalism is portrayed as the best of all possible systems, with socialist ideology barely mentioned and almost always misrepresented as the philosophy of the ill-fated Soviet Union| those under 18 are legally considered â€Å"children†, adolescents under socialism will be taught from an early age to become active participants in the industrial government, to make informed and rational decisions and be treated with far more respect and offered far greater freedom and trust then the teens of today are, who are usually treated as little more then the property of their parents with few decision making opportunities of their own. ECONOMY|   shift decision-making power from  corporate shareholders  to a larger group of public stakeholders  that includes workers, customers, suppliers, neighbors and the broader public. No single definition or approach encompasses economic democracy, but most proponents claim that modern property relations  externalize  costs, subordinate the general well-being to private profit, and deny the polity a democratic voice in economic policy decisions| is also known as the planned economy. In a communist economy, it is fully operated by the government. There are only state owned and controlled businesses. The government answers all the fundamental economic questions. | is heavily planned, self-managed and state-directed. Rather than allowing market forces to determine where the economy should go, public officials decide which industries resources should be allocated toward. Production is both managed and controlled by the state. | EXAMPLES| Georgia, Lebanon, Israel, India, Bangladesh, Thailand, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Cambodia, Philippines, Malaysia, Australia, New Zealand| Nepal and Cyprus| China, Canada , Cuba, Vietnam| How to cite Social Science Paper, Essay examples

Education Governance in Bangladesh free essay sample

This traditional thinking of education as the ticket to the good life emerges in different ways and degrees in Bangladesh. Education is seen as something that is received rather than achieved and it has increasingly become dependent on certificates. Education in the largest sense is any act or experience that has a formative effect on the mind, character or physical ability of an individual. In its technical sense, education is the process by which society deliberately transmits its accumulated knowledge, skills and values from one generation to another. The Government of Bangladesh places great importance on education and in this regard the Government has been trying to transform its huge population into human resource. Education for All (EFA) is the constitutional responsibility of the government. The constitution affirms equal rights in education for all. Since independence every government had taken several steps to increase the literacy rate in Bangladesh. But did they really work out? Our neighbor countries like India, Srilanka have made a great progress in literacy rate. But, where as the current literacy rate of Bangladesh is 63. 8 %. If all the steps were successfully implemented, then the rate would be around 80% (daily Janakantho, 24 July, 10). So, here is short description about the whole education system and the role of government in Bangladesh. Governance: Although the term governance is often used synonymously with the term government it tends rather to be used to describe the processes and systems by which a government or governor operate. The term government and governor describe the institutions and people involved. According to the World Bank†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Governance is the traditions and institutions by which authority in a country is exercised for the common good. This includes (i) the process by which those in authority are selected, monitored and replaced, (ii) the capacity of the government to effectively manage its resources and implement sound policies, and (iii) the respect of citizens and the state for the institutions that govern economic and social interactions among them. According to the UNDP†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Governance is the exercise of political, economic and administrative authority to manage a nations affairs. It is the complex mechanisms, processes and institutions through which citizens and groups articulate their interests, exercise their legal rights and obligations, and mediate their differences. Education Governance: Education governance is concerned with how the funding, provisi on, ownership and regulation of education and training systems is coordinated, and at what level; local, regional, national and supranational. It is government who play the most significant role in coordinating education, the distribution of these responsibilities has been changing in response to calls for greater efficiency, effectiveness, accountability and democracy. Households, communities, and new kinds of private actors, are increasingly involved in many different aspects of education and training governance, raising questions about equity, participation and transparency. Objectives of Education Governance: To inspire and create enthusiasm among the learners in their thoughts, deeds and daily life to establish moral, humanitarian, religious, cultural and social values in personal as well as in national life. †¢ To develop awareness in the learners to protect the independence, sovereignty and integrity of Bangladesh. †¢ To make education pragmatic, productive and creative with a view to bringing about changes in the socio-economic conditions of the country and making the students into a dutiful and responsible manpower with scientific outlook and help them develop the qualities of leadership. To give special emphasis on primary and secondary education with a view to expanding education, to instill respect and eagerness for physical labor and enable the learners acquire vocational education for self-employment in all stages of education. †¢ To promote fraternity, moral values, generosity and fellow-feeling in people and make them respectful of human rights. †¢ To promote democratic values through fostering tolerance of one anothers views and help develop life-oriented, realistic and positive attitude for blossoming democratic awareness. To ensure proper quality at every level of education; to strengthen and widen the knowledge, skills and attitude acquired in the previous stage (in accordance with various aims and objectives of education): to enable acquisition of new knowledge and skills and to encourage people to contribute in the system of education, especially in the field of primary, secondary and vocational education. †¢ To emancipate the country from the curse of illiteracy. †¢ To create equal opportunities for education in accordance with merit and aptitude for the purpose of building a society free from disparity. To ensure gender parity in education and remove barriers of caste, creed and ethnicity in obtaining education. †¢ To ensure constitutional guarantee at all levels of education. †¢ To create awareness about protection of environment. Structure of Education sector in Bangladesh: The education system in Bangladesh is characterized by co-existence of three separate streams. The mainstream happens to be a vernacular based secular education system carried over from the colonial past. There also exists a separate religious system of education. Finally, based on use of English as the medium of instruction, another stream of education, modeled after the British education system, using the same curriculum, has rapidly grown in the metropolitan cities of Bangladesh. However diverse the above streams may apparently look, they have certain common elements, and there exists scope for re-integration of graduates of one stream with the other at different levels. Different Streams in Education The mainstream education system in Bangladesh is structured as follows: a. One or two year pre-primary education imparted in private schools/kindergartens, and informally in government primary schools for six months. b. Five-year compulsory primary education for the 6-10 year age group, imparted mainly in government and non-government primary schools. In metropolitan cities, however, government and non-government primary schools cater to the educational needs only of the poorer sections of the people, as the better-off families usually send their children to Private English Medium schools/ secondary schools that run primary sections as well. Very few NGOs however impart education for the full 5-year primary education cycle. c. On completion of primary education, students (11+) enroll for junior secondary education that spans over 3 years. At the end of this phase of education, some students branch out to join the vocational stream, offered at Vocational Training Institutes (VTI) and Technical Training Centers (TTC) run by the Ministry of Education, and the Ministry of Labor and Employment respectively, while students in the mainstream continue in government and non-government secondary schools for a 2 year secondary education in their respective areas of specialization i. . humanities, science, commerce, etc. At the end of their secondary education, the students sit for their first public examination (S. S. C. ) under the supervision of six education boards. The students of religious education and English medium streams also sit for their respective public examinations, Dakhil, and O level, conducted by the Madrasah Educ ation Board, and London/Cambridge University respectively, facilitated by the British Council in case of the latter. d. After 10 years of schooling at primary and secondary level, students (16+) who succeed in passing the Secondary School Certificate (S. S. C. ) examination have the option of joining a college for a 2 year higher secondary education in their respective areas of specialization, or enroll in technical/ poly technical institutes for technical education. After 2-year higher secondary education, one has to sit for another public examination called Higher Secondary Certificate (H. S. C. ) Examination conducted by the Education Boards to qualify for further education. Students of Religious and English Medium streams also sit for their respective public examinations, Alim, and ‘A’ level, conducted by the Madrasah Education Board and London/Cambridge University respectively to qualify for further education. e. Under-graduate education of various duration (2 to 4 years) are offered to 18+ students at a number of public and private universities / degree colleges/technical colleges/ specialized institutions. Successful completion of a degree course is a pre-requisite for appointment to a white-collar civilian job. . Post-graduate education normally of 1-2 year duration is provided at universities and selected degree colleges and institutions. Key Organizations governing the education sector in Bangladesh: Many organizations are involved in the direction of higher education in Bangladesh, and there is no single overarching authority. The President of Bangladesh is the Chancellor of most of the universities and is responsible for the appoint ment of vice-chancellors. The Prime Minister is Chancellor of a limited number of universities. The Ministry of Education (MoE) is concerned with overall policy formulation, monitoring, evaluation and execution of education. Line directorates are responsible for supervision and control of their relevant institutions, and these are: †¢ Directorate of Secondary and Higher Education (DSHE): including Madrasah and other special types of education. †¢ Directorate of Technical Education (DTE): Technical and Vocational institutions. The University Grants Commission of Bangladesh (UGC) established in 1973, acts as an intermediary body between the government and individual universities, and is responsible for all higher education. It reports to the Minister of Education through the Secretary of Education. Its main functions are as follows: 1. To assess the needs of university education and evaluate and recommend development plans to the Ministry; 2. To identify the financial requirements of the universities; 3. To allocate operating and development funds from the government to the various institutions; 4. To evaluate the use of funds and implementation of development programs; 5. To advise the Government on the establishment of new universities, including private universities, and expansion of existing institutions; . To collect and disseminate statistical information; 7. To advise the Government on proposals to grant the right to confer special degree awarding status on colleges. The National University (NU) is an affiliating university that controls the degree-granting colleges. Prior to 1992, degree colleges were affiliated with one of the existing universities, which established syllabi, set and administer ed examinations, and awarded degrees for students in the colleges. To reduce the burden on the universities, the NU was established to take over and organize the affiliated colleges in all fields except agriculture, engineering and medicine. The Bangladesh Institutes of Technology (BIT) Council (CBIT) co-ordinates the activities of the four engineering colleges that enroll around 3,200 students. It has virtually the same functions as the UGC, only for the institutes of technology. The Association of Universities of Bangladesh (AUB) co-ordinates the activities of universities in both academic and administrative matters. The AUB also leases with the government and the UGC on administrative and financial affairs. Management of the education sector in Bangladesh: Pre-primary education, generally recognized as a useful stage of education to smoothen the transition from home to an institutional environment and thereby contributing to reduced drop out rates at primary level has so long remained outside the purview of official education policy of Bangladesh. Its management therefore lies at present exclusively in the hands of the schools imparting such education and some NGOs running such schools. The Education Policy 2010 did however recognize the need for pre-primary education and recommended its gradual introduction to 5+ children in primary schools with a view to universalizing one-year pre-primary education. As provision of universal compulsory primary education has been recognized by the Constitution of Bangladesh as a state responsibility, the government has assumed direct responsibility of the management of primary education in Bangladesh, particularly in the wake of enactment of Compulsory Primary Education Act in 1990. The overall responsibility of management of primary education lies with the Primary and Mass Education Division (PMED) set up as a separate Division with the status of a Ministry in 1992. While the PMED is involved in formulation of policies, the responsibility of implementation of the same rests with the Directorate of Primary Education (DPE) headed by a Director General. The different tiers of administration such as Divisions, Districts and Upazilas are manned by Deputy Directors, District Primary Education Officers (DPEO) and Upazila Education Officers (UEO) respectively. UEOs are assisted by a number of AUEOs each in charge of a cluster of primary schools. At the school level, there exist School Management Committees (SMC) formed as per government directives with certain well defined functions, and Parent Teachers Associations (PTA) playing a supportive role in building favorable teaching-learning environment in schools. The Directorate of Primary Education (DPE) and its subordinate offices in the district and upazila are solely responsible for management and supervision of primary education. Their responsibilities include recruitment, posting, and transfer of teachers and other staff; arranging in-service training of teachers; and distribution of free text books, and supervision of schools. The responsibility of school construction, repair and supply of school furniture lies with the Facilities Department (FD) and Local Government Engineering Department (LGED). The National Curriculum and Text Book Board (NCTB) is responsible for the development of curriculum and production of textbooks. While the Ministry of Education (MOE) is responsible for formulation of policies, the Directorate of Secondary and Higher Education (DSHE) under the Ministry of Education is responsible for implementing the same at secondary and higher education level. The NCTB is responsible for developing curriculum, and publishing standard textbooks. Seven regions based Boards of Intermediate and Secondary Education (BISE) are responsible for conducting the two public examinations, S. S. C. and H. S. C. , in addition to granting recognition to non-government secondary schools. DSHE is divided into eight zones, each in charge of a Deputy Director assisted by two Inspectors, and two Assistant Inspectors. District Offices are headed by District Education Officers (DEO). There exist three different levels of supervision. BISEs are responsible for accreditation of non-government secondary schools. However, because of lack of inspection capacity, the work is delegated to Zonal Inspectors and DEOs. The Directorate of Inspection and Audit of MOE with a small manpower of 24 Inspectors are responsible for periodic qualitative and quantitative evaluation of non-government schools. Each zone has two Inspectors and two Assistant Inspectors to inspect all schools covered by the zones. At the school level, in case of non-government secondary schools, School Management Committees (SMC), and at the intermediate college level in case of non-government colleges, Governing Bodies (GB), formed as per government directives, are responsible for mobilizing resources, approving budgets, controlling expenditures; and appointing and disciplining staff. In government secondary schools there does not exist any SMC. The Head Master s solely responsible for running the school and is supervised by the Deputy Director of the respective zone. PTAs however exist essentially for ensuring a better teaching learning environment. The Directorate of Technical Education (DTE) is responsible for planning, development and implementation of technical and vocational education in the country. Universities in Bangladesh are autonomous bodies administered by statutory bodies such as Syndicate, Se nate, Academic Council etc. in accordance with provisions laid down in their respective Acts. While the private universities are regulated by the University Grand Commission (UGC). Regulation/Licensing authority Under the President’s Order No. 10 of 1973, which established the UGC, the UGC has the right to visit the public universities or to have them visited by teams of experts as and when necessary for evaluating programs and assessing their needs and requirements. The establishment of a private university requires the formation of a non-profit corporation or foundation and the Private Universities Act stipulates a series of conditions for establishing a private university. Some of them are given below: †¢ A security deposit of Taka 50 million in interest-bearing government bonds. Transnational Report – Case Study: Bangladesh (October 2003) page 18 of 36 †¢ A minimum of two faculties. †¢ Permission to rent office space only for 5 years, before building their own campus. They should own land of at least five acres. †¢ Programs and courses to be offered must be approved by the UGC before students are admitted. †¢ Five percent of places must be reserved for free studentships to ‘poor but meritorious’ students. Following establishment, the UGC has the authority to periodically monitor, visit and evaluate the performance of private universities, regarding the numbers of qualified teachers, library books, facilities, approved curricula, and to recommend de-certification if institutions fail to perform according to agreed-upon standards. The National University reviews and approves the applications of all degree col leges that seek Government recognition. Applications are reviewed against minimum criteria for facilities, teaching staff, and library and laboratory facilities. Approval must be reaffirmed for all institutions each year and institutions can be de-affiliated. Guidelines of Ministry of Education: †¢ Human resource development is at the core of Bangladeshs development efforts and access to quality education is critical to poverty reduction and economic development. The Government is committed to undertaking structural reforms that are expected to bring significant improvements in the education sector. Bangladeshs commitment to education has been clearly stated in its Constitution and development plans with education being given the highest priority in the public sector investments. Education sector allocations are currently about 2. 3 percent of GDP and 14 percent of total government expenditure. Maintaining this commitment to the education sector is imperative in order to achieve Education for All (EFA) and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). †¢ The management of the education system falls under two ministries the Ministry of Primary and Mass Education (MoPME, responsible for primary education and mass literacy) and the Ministry of Education (MoE, responsible for secondary, vocational and tertiary education). Overall there are more than 17 million students at the primary level, and over 8. 0 million at the secondary level. Enrolments at the tertiary level are relatively small but growing very rapidly. †¢ Bangladesh has made significant progress, especially in regard to increasing access and gender equity, both at primary and secondary levels. Gross primary enrollment rates rose from 90 percent in the late 1990s to 98 percent in 2003, while a corresponding increase in enrollment rates at the secondary level rise to 44 percent. Gender parity in access to primary and secondary education has also been achieved. These achievements are particularly spectacular when compared to countries in the South Asia region and other countries at similar levels of per-capita income. †¢ The Government is strongly committed to alleviating the existing problems in respect of management and quality through reforms across the education system. At the primary level, MoPME is supported by a multi-donor group through the Primary Education Development Program II (PEDP II), which aims to strengthen educational access, quality and efficiency. In order to address issues at the secondary and higher levels, MoE has developed a medium-term framework for the secondary education sub-sector, focusing on quality improvements, policy measures and specific actions needed to reform the system. The development of this medium-term framework has benefited from an extensive range of consultations and workshops with stakeholders at the central, district, and upazila levels. The main objective of reforms being proposed is to address systemic governance issues aimed at raising the quality and cost-effectiveness of service delivery, and improve equity of access in secondary education. †¢ MoE is aiming to move towards a devolved system of governance within the current administrative structure. In this system the central government will be responsible for formulating policies, financing, setting quality standards, and monitoring and evaluation etc. , while lower levels of government will be responsible for administering the system. MoE is empowering officials at the district and upazila levels to take greater responsibility in monitoring school performance and ensure public disclosure of information (e. g. , SSC passing rates, teacher absenteeism, class sizes, etc. ) related to school quality. †¢ To ensure appropriate financial controls, MoE is implementing a Financial Management Reform Program (FMRP). This is intended to increase accountability and transparency in the use of resources Main laws governing education in Bangladesh: The legal basis for higher education is complicated, with some laws deriving from colonial time sand others from the Pakistan era. There may be fundamental change in the governance and administration of higher education in the near future (World Bank, 1999b). Currently, the universities have autonomy (by the parliamentary acts) to work within the UGC-given parameters, and the same is true for degree colleges under the NU. Public Universities Ordinance (1973) is the governance framework for public universities in Bangladesh. This order dictates the selection procedures for the 4 statutory bodies of the university syndicate, senate, academic and finance councils and this is sometimes seen as the root cause of much of the politicization of the public university campuses. University Law (1993) grants considerable autonomy to individual public universities. Non-Governmental (Private) Universities Act (1992) (Amended 1998, 2002 and in 2010): This Act regulates the establishment of private universities in Bangladesh. Major Initiatives taken by the Ministry: Education Commission 2003 submitted its report in March 2004 and GOB has initiated actions to review and prioritize its 880 recommendations concerning each stream and level of education. Actually many of the recommendations made by the Education Commission are already in the process of implementation and many are in the pipeline for implementation. Some of the actions are taken in this respect are described below: †¢ Government has enacted Primary Education (Compulsory) Law in 1990 to achieve the universal primary enrolment by 2005 †¢ More then 98% of secondary schools are non-government. But Government pays 90% of the teacher and staff salary of these institutions †¢ Bangladesh has sustained increased government allocation in education sector from the 1990s †¢ Government is currently providing subsidies to create demand for education in favor of the poor and girls †¢ Government has initiated the decentralization of primary and secondary education management structure †¢ Government has established an autonomous Nongovernmental Secondary Teachers Registration and Certification Authority in order to recruit qualified and trained teachers in secondary level institutions †¢ A large project for the improvement of teaching quality at the secondary level institutions is underway †¢ A new apex body named National Teachers Training Authority by restructuring existing National Academy for Education Management (NAEM) is on card. This proposed institution would train both public and private sector teachers from 2005/06 †¢ Reorganization of National Curriculum and Textbook Board (NCTB) has also started with the objective to separate functions of the Board into two units, e. . , curriculum and textbook. This would enhance competition in textbook production and publishing and enable Board to concentrate on curriculum development †¢ A separate entity named Independent Textbook Evaluation Committee (ITEC) has been established for designing transparent criteria under which individual textbook manuscripts will be evaluated †¢ Privatization of textbo ok production and publication has already started for grades 6 to 10. Publication of all textbooks at the secondary level will be privatized by 2007 †¢ An Accreditation Council is being established which would function as a watchdog over the private universities in order to monitor the teaching standard of universities Major Reforms Undertaken by the Government: †¢ Introduction of unitrack curriculum in secondary level education from 2006 †¢ School based assessment (SBA) in secondary level education †¢ Reform of existing examination systems in secondary level education †¢ Privatization of Textbook Writing and Publication Re-organization of Managing Committee/Governing Body of the Non-Government Educational Institutions †¢ Formation of Oversight Committee for Supervision of Teaching at Classrooms †¢ Sanction of MPO on the basis of performance of educational institutions †¢ Strengthening of Teachers Training †¢ Delivery of Textbooks to the Students on Time †¢ Development and Modernization of Secondary, Te chnical and Madrasha Curricula †¢ Retirement and Welfare Fund for Non-Government Teachers †¢ Establishment of 10 Foreign Language Centers Distribution of 20000 computers in secondary level educational institutions including Madrashas †¢ Training of secondary level teachers in computer applications †¢ Restructuring of Directorate of Secondary and Higher Education †¢ Restructuring of National Academy for Education Management (NAEM) †¢ Restructuring of Personnel of Boards of Intermediate and Secondary Education (Dhaka, Rajshahi, Chittagong, Jessore, Barisal, Comilla, Sylhet) and NCTB Government Education Policy: In order to maintain a modern, scientific and effective education system, Bangladesh Government attaches highest priority to the improvement of education sector. With this objective, the Government of Bangladesh had established several Education Commissions and Committees since the independence of the country. Despite repeated demands from professionals and from wider society, a comprehensive statement of the national education policy or long term strategy for education for Bangladesh has historically been elusive. In terms of higher education, the sector has grown in an ad hoc manner (especially the private sector), without reference to national development goals in terms of numbers of graduates, quality of provision, or subject relevance. However, in recent years the government has increased its investment in education services, whilst also encouraging greater private investment at all levels of the sector. It also introduced a National Education Policy (NEP) in 2000. The government sees the education sector as crucial to its overall national socio-economic development for the labor market, developing the research base, and for facilitating knowledge transfer. The Fifth Five Year Plan (1997-2002), and the National Education Policy (NEP), 2000, under the Awami League government (1996-2001), made important recommendations concerning the development of higher education in Bangladesh. However, with a change of government in October 2001, the fate of the NEP are uncertain, although indications suggest that they are so far following the recommendations of the NEP.

Womans Struggle for Independence Essay Example For Students

Womans Struggle for Independence Essay Womans Struggle for IndependenceWomen have had to fight for there independence. They have been repressedfor a long period of history. Only recently have women started to gain respectas equals and individuals. Even today women are still looked down upon for theresex. From the begging of history women have been viewed as a lesser sex. In thetime Mesopotamia women we in charge of the children and the home. In AncientEgypt women had no power or authority. Women were viewed as property. TheHebrews, alto respecting women, did not allow them to own any property or tohave an active place in government. In Rome women were not allowed to voicethere opinions. They were viewed as lesser beings, whos role in society was togive birth and to take care of children. They were property of there husbandsand not viewed as individuals. There husband was there master and women wepractically slaves and was often mistreated by there husband. A servant to themale sex. We will write a custom essay on Womans Struggle for Independence specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now During the middle ages women still has almost no rights. They still didnthave the right to voice there opinion and were still viewed as property. If theydisobeyed there male role model they were punished. The art of the Renaissancegave women some freedom to voice there opinion about the arts and social issuesas long as there opinions werent very radical. However women were only theobjects in the arts. They were the models and not the creators. They were notallowed to express themselves but only to be expressed by others. This lead intothe period of the Reformation, women were still viewed as property and thehomemakers. They did not really get there place in society. The 17th century was the first real growth of the womens movement. Upuntil this time women had been in the same category as property or slaves. Butas the French society moved toward revolution women began to speak of theinjustice against them. The Vindication of Rights of Women (1792) called forthe extension of the principle of the liberty to women and urging that equalpublic education be made available for men and women (Perry, 289). This list ofthe right that women were lacking was one of the first attempts at creating alegislation that included women in its laws. During the scientific revolutionmen were making discoveries and coming up with new ideas all over the world. This was not possible for women because the education was not able to comparewith that of the mens. After roll models such as Tristan Flora women startedtrying harder to become a part of the society. They fought so that they could beintellectual individuals, and not just slaves to the male dominated society. They started thinking for themselves, having there own thoughts and ideas. Inthe modern 20th century women used the example of these women as arguments topush there cause. When the idea of Nationalism began bringing countries together it helpedwomen slightly. Yet still did not make them there equality to men. In the timeof the Industrial Revolution women began receiving jobs in factories. Alto theywere still not treated as equals. They were paid significantly less than men forthe same days work. The majority of women still stayed at home and took care ofthe household and children. The idea of socialism brought women more respect. With the idea of socialism women gained some standing in society as close equalsto men. In a socialistic society everyone is equal, including women. This ideaof equality women in the past could not even in vision. As the battle forwomens rights continued they gained the right in the United States to livefreely. They could now own land and participate in the government. At the end ofthe 19th century women began to become educated. They began to prove thereintellectual equality to men. As World War I came around women began to enterthe workforce. With the men being killed in time of war it left a limited numberof men to work in the factories. Women began to take over these roles. They werefinally given responsibility and respect for there work. .u96d7d088278df35c6034a46496804c57 , .u96d7d088278df35c6034a46496804c57 .postImageUrl , .u96d7d088278df35c6034a46496804c57 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u96d7d088278df35c6034a46496804c57 , .u96d7d088278df35c6034a46496804c57:hover , .u96d7d088278df35c6034a46496804c57:visited , .u96d7d088278df35c6034a46496804c57:active { border:0!important; } .u96d7d088278df35c6034a46496804c57 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u96d7d088278df35c6034a46496804c57 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u96d7d088278df35c6034a46496804c57:active , .u96d7d088278df35c6034a46496804c57:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u96d7d088278df35c6034a46496804c57 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u96d7d088278df35c6034a46496804c57 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u96d7d088278df35c6034a46496804c57 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u96d7d088278df35c6034a46496804c57 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u96d7d088278df35c6034a46496804c57:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u96d7d088278df35c6034a46496804c57 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u96d7d088278df35c6034a46496804c57 .u96d7d088278df35c6034a46496804c57-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u96d7d088278df35c6034a46496804c57:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: World hunger EssayBy the time of World War II women had proven themselves in the workforce. They now could find employment, alto there was still discrimination. During the1950s woman began to fight for liberation in the workforce. They

best polical candidate essays

best polical candidate essays According to the U.S Constitution, a president is elected every 4 years. We elected our new president in 2000, which was President George W. Bush, the son of former President George Bush. Is he doing a great job so far in his term? Lets see, 1 year after he was elected the United States was attacked by terrorist and went into was. Economy goes down, people loose their jobs, unnecessary war cost, etc. If you dont want all that to happened, for our next election, vote for John Kerry. He is the best Presidential Candidate for this upcoming election. He is a man trust, honor, and will never let you down John Kerry was born on December 11, 1943 in Denver Colorado. Most of his life, he was raised in the Catholic Church. He graduated from Yale University magma cum Laude. After he graduated, he entered the U.S Navy. He fought in the Vietnam War and earned purple star, Silver Star, Bronze with Combat V. Since he got wounded in the Vietnam War, he became the co- fonder of Vietnam Veterans of America. Kerry was a co-founder of the Vietnam Veterans of America and became a spokesperson for the Vietnam Veterans against the War. Fourteen years later, Kerry graduated from Boston College Law School and found different ways to fight for those things in which he believed. Time and again, Kerry fought to hold the political system accountable and to do what he believed was right. As a top prosecutor in Middlesex County, Kerry took on organized crime and put the Number Two mob boss in New England behind bars. He modernized the District Attorney's office, creating an innovative rape crisis crime unit , and as a lawyer in private practice he worked long and hard to prove the innocence of a man wrongly given a life sentence for a murder he did not commit. In 1984, after winning election as Lieutenant Governor in 1982, Kerry ran and was elected to serve in the United States Senate, running and winning a successful PAC-free Senate race and defeating...

ISLAM IN TODAY'S WORLD Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

ISLAM IN TODAY'S WORLD - Research Paper Example Despite this view, there is plenty of sociological, anthropological, and political evidence to support the theory that there are very large differences between populations of Muslims in places like India, Indonesia, Iran, and Europe (Croucher, Turner, Anarbaeva, Oommen, & Borton, 2008). In each location, the practices of the Islamic faith are different in very significant ways, which could create some potential for conversation between Muslims and non-Muslims in these countries. A potentially fruitful aspect to look at specifically in the study of Islam in today’s world is examining how Islam is contrasted in its properties from Christianity and Judaism, and whether communication between these two sets of people is possible. It seems very likely that a healthy dialogue is very much possible, especially given the flattening of the world’s power structure and the coalescence around the global economy, as contrasted to economies centered on the religions of nations. Branch ing out from this topic, the hypothesis is offered stating that the development of the global economy will make communication a much more likely prospect and that is Muslims decide to reach out in terms of communication, the economic and political underdevelopment seen in primarily Muslim countries may be corrected. Thus, this is not only an exercise in cultural understanding and the factors that make this possible, but also a prescription for correcting some of the social ills in countries that reject communication with other faiths. The Effect of the Global Economy on Communication and Perceptions between Muslims and non-Muslims in the 21st Century Countries in the modern world may be underdeveloped for any number of reasons. These could include a lack of resources, natural disasters, or a manmade disaster such as a devastating war. Most of the time, however, countries are underdeveloped because of the philosophical stance they take toward other countries. In many cases, this phil osophical stance is the result of a religious exceptionalism measured above its neighbors. This religious view informs the political, and thus drives the country toward isolation. Iran, like many other countries in the Middle East, treats itself as superior because of its high level of integration of politics and religion. North Korea, even though it lacks an official religion, regardless treats the state itself as worthy of worship; thus, the country seeks isolation from the other nations of the world. This kind of isolation inevitably results in underdevelopment that creates an environment for both a lack of understanding of cultural differences and economic underdevelopment. The United States, which is relatively open to other cultures, has a high rate of economic development because the culture values the process of doing business more than the identities of those doing business. It seems that communication between different religions, particularly between Muslims and non-Muslim s, is a crucial aspect of the cultural understanding that is necessary for the Middle East and other predominantly Muslim countries to escape from under the weight of their underdevelopment. This requires a better cultural understanding of Muslims from the perspective of the non-Muslim, and an understanding of non-Muslims from the p

Shell Canada Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Shell Canada - Essay Example The company specializes in the production and sale of a number of products including natural gas, crude oil, solvents, diesel fuels, gas, ethane, butane, asphalts, propane, lubricating oils, greases, sulphur, gasoline and natural gas liquids, just to name but a few. Shell also provides a number of services which include refining, marketing, and transporting petroleum products (Shell Canada Limited, 2007). Value chain Shell’s value chain refers to all the activities that take place in the company with the aim of increasing customer satisfaction while managing cost of production effectively. In this regard, Shell has three key value chain components, including fuel supply, customer support, and maintenance. As such, once the petroleum products have been produced, Shell ensures that they are transported to the customers efficiently and timely. In addition, the company has an efficient customer support team whose mandate is to ensure that customer’s demands are met. The maintenance component of Shell’s value chain is concerned with ensuring that the plant and transport facilities are in good condition to enhance the production and supply of products to the customers (Shell Canada Limited, 2007). Competitors Shell Canada operates in a very competitive business environment. In fact, most of its strategies are aimed at ensuring that it competes favorably with other players in the industry. Currently, Shell Canada has three major competitors, which include Imperial Oil Limited, Suncor Energy Inc., and Canadian Natural Resources Limited. This company poses the greatest threat to Shell Canada in the oil industry (Shell Canada Limited, 2007). ... ive strategy The management of Shell Canada understands that, for the company to gain competitive advantage of its main rivals, it must improve the quality of product and service delivery to its customers. In this regard, the company focuses on the production of quality petroleum products that suit the needs of its customers. The company has also focused on the delivery of best customer service by establishing a customer support department that handles all customer queries and problems. In addition, the company intends to have a wide outreach by exploring and producing petroleum products in other countries. This will help increase its customer base, thereby according it a competitive advantage over its rivals. Further, the company is in the process of designing the most modern technology that will enable it conduct deep-sea exploration as a means of moving ahead of its competitors. At the same time, Shell intends to adopt a technology that will enable the company produces petroleum i n an environmental friendly manner. The company believes that reducing environmental pollution will enable it explore several markets without resistance from the governments and the locals (Shell Canada Limited, 2007). Q#2. The world has experienced rapid technological advancements over the past few decades. The new technological have had a huge impact in most business operations. In fact, no single company can compete favorably in the present business environment without the integration of technology. The same applies to Shell Canada, whose competitiveness depends on how well it introduces and uses technology. Currently, Shell can benefit significantly by introducing a number of technologies in its business operations. ERP Firstly, the implementation of ERP technology can be of huge

American Government Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

American Government - Assignment Example In a free-market democracy, the public ultimately decides as to how the press needs to act. If the semblance of truth in the general public will not remain the motivating force for the press in future, neither free press nor democracy will have hope (Bivins, 2009). In the U.S, the media acts as the watchdog for the public. The news organizations use an-house critic to hear about public complaints. After that, the media broadcasts or publishes their judgments. In addition, the press creates citizens’ council which hears public complaints about the media and they issue verdicts, which are then aired widely (Edwards, 2001). Even though the freedom of the press is protected under the first Amendment, the freedom is sometimes restricted. The freedom for the press received little support from a bigger number of states. Punishment was permitted for libelous and seditious publications. In many states, truth is not defense to allegations of defamation. In any case a story discredits the reputation of any public official, the publisher is held responsible for money damages even if the published story is accurate. In states where truth is allowed as a form of defense, the publisher carries the burden of demonstrating its veracity (Bailyn,

Effectiveness of Quality and Systems Management within ASDA

Effectiveness of Quality and Systems Management within ASDA In this assignment I will look at the business performance and do an evaluation for my chose organisation. For this purpose I decide to choose the ASDA. ASDA is recognised as the private company and this company has owned by the American PLC organisation commonly known as the WAL-MART. The thing is that WAL-MART bought all the shares of ASDA and ASDA in now recognized as the ASDA WAL-MART PLC LTD. ASDA is well known for its services of retailer and goods selling to the general community. There are the examples of some services and products given by my organisation are as follow. Drinks Clothing Food Home and leisure Cutlery DIY Equipment like paint, paint brush nails and others etc. Identify and explain the role and importance of effective operations management. IMPORTANCE OF OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT The area of Operations management has focused mainly on the on the process to manage carefully to the distribution and sales of the product and to produce them. This is common that very small business do not involve in the process of operation management however for the medium size and large sized organisation this is very important and essential to run the organisation carefully and in an effective way. In any organisation the related activities are involved in the management of the purchasing power, quality control, inventory control, logistic, storage and evaluation. The main point to be considered here is the effectiveness and efficiency of the processes involved. A great deal of focus is on efficiency and effectiveness of processes. Due to this, the area of operations management is very important for an organisation. ASDA is a popular name in the category of household retails in the UK. As this is renowned by the international market it is very successful in his business in the UK. This is recognised as the well-known chain in the supermarket.   This organisation has his branches all over the world as under the nationwide supermarkets. The ASDA is public ltd. organisation and is open for public and they (stakeholders) are allowed to buy the shares in the organisation. This supermarket of ASDA is mainly aimed to provide the best and possible excellent service and food products to their customers. Even is organisation is successful in beating his competitors by sticking with their price strategy which is probably lower than that of the other organisation in the competition. ASDA is supermarket, which aims to provide its customers with the best possible goods and service with its permanently low prices. Identify the strategic objectives of your chosen Organization and analyze them with the help of appropriate tools. As I choose ASDA as my organisation of research, it has entry with his mission stamen as, To be the worlds leading supermarket.  Ã‚   This organisation has many strategic aims and objectives and by following that aims and objectives organisation can effectively turn their mission statement into practice, it has many aims and objective.  The aims and objectives of the ASDA are followed as under in detailed explanation. Aims of ASDA As ASAD is the fastest growing supermarket in the UK retail and grocery business in relation to the other supermarket in the market. There are some main aims are here mentioned that are in continuous way to strive to achieve. These aims are listed as follow: To maximise sales through competitive pricing and heavy advertising campaigns To make the supermarket a happy and an enjoyable place for the staff to work together in harmony To ensure complete customer satisfaction and minimise any complaints about their products or prices. To make shopping at Asda a completely new, unique experience which provides customers and their children with a convenient, warm, welcoming, happy and safe shopping environment. To keep the customers happy and satisfied by providing them with the best and latest products and services at the lowest prices, without having to compromise on quality To provide as much relevant information about products and services throughout the store, in a manner that is understandable to the customer Be as environmentally friendly as possible Objectives Unquestionably and unescapably, the greatest noteworthy aim of Asda same as to any other organisation is to become profitable extremely. So for the achievement of above aims and to get the increase in the profit turnover of the organisation there are some strategic objectives of the ASDA which are intended to show that how it can achieve and accomplish the aims and targets of the company.  Ã‚  Following is the explanation of the main strategic objectives of the organisation given with their explanation: As the organisation has its main aim to increase the profit like to increase its sale and maximization of the profit of the organisation, there is use of different kind of media devices like newspaper, radio, magazine and mainly television for the heavy advertisement of the organisation. This even aided and used for the promotion of their campaigns related to their latest promotions, cut in prices, services and line of new products. This kind of strategic objective has repent the ASDA a base for the loyal customers and even help to attract the new customers as well as this promotion envied the reputation for the products at their lower prices. The organisation has its objective to make the area of supermarket enjoyable and happy visits for the staff of the company and to work with each other in a friendly way, Asda is well known about the fact that the attitude of the staff has direct influence over the customers and their performance, if the staff will be the happy they will work with more enthusiasm and power to gain the competitive advantages. As they aimed to provide pleasant and happy working environment to their workers also by providing various incentives, bonuses and benefits like staff discount, pension from the company, share packages and various opportunities for the promotions in the job as well as in the salary. for the purpose to achievement of the customer satisfaction and even for the minimisation of the complaints from the customers and consumers about the various services and products or staff there is endurance provided by the Asda to their customers through the customers service section at each supermarket stores of Asda and at that services customers can communicate about their problems and unsatisfied services and if they want they can register any comments in relation to the services and products provided to them in the book of comment log. The organisation has pride themselves for this commitment with their customers.   For making the experience of shopping and buying products at Asda as safe, profitable warmth, welcoming, happy pleasurable and even easier as possible there is provision of all American style shopping mostly in all the stores of the Asda and at there the product and services provided to the customers usually by the help of local businesses. The service and product customers received through them under the suitability of one roof.   Ã‚  In the large branches of Asda now there is addition of in built house cafes, opticians, laundry, dry cleaner, fast food, bakeries and take away etc. and even their own petrol pumps and car washes centre there.  Many of them are now furnished with the retail electrical, clothing, home wares with the services of branches have now diversified into the retail electrical, home ware and clothing market in addition to providing financial and insurance services.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To keep the customers happy and satisfied with the products, prices, services and staff.  Ã‚  In order to ensure a loyal customer base and continue to attract new customers, Asda ensures they take advantage of their massive buying power and leading position in the supermarket industry in order to purchase the best quality goods and latest products at the most competitive prices.  Ã‚  These savings and product promotions and price-cuts are heavily advertised both through the national media and throughout its branches nationwide.  Ã‚  Furthermore, as an additional precaution, Asda prides itself on the fact that customer satisfaction with its products and prices are always maintained as its staff continually checks prices locally on a weekly basis, in order to ensure the supermarket always provides the lowest prices around Asda strives to provide as much relevant information about products and services throughout the store, in a manner, which is understandable to the customer.  Ã‚  It intends to achieve this by communicating various types of information such as public safety notices, new promotions and products and services, price reductions, charity fund-raising events through its regular customer magazines, leaflets, posters, customer information desk and staff. Where possible, Asda attempts to remain as globally welcoming friendly as possible as they can.  Ã‚  This contains lessening the packaging of the products and use of recycling papers for the making of their magazines, receipts and even for their leaflets and for the building up of new supermarkets as over the existing sites of the industry. Identify the performance operations objectives of the same company and analyze how successful the operations are in meeting strategic objectives of a company. Your discussion need to be focused on Quality, Cost, Speed, Flexibility and/or Dependability Task 2: Design and monitor appropriate systems to ensure quality of product and services Define resources, tools and systems required to support business process to improve the quality of products and services There are many resources, tools and systems are present that are used to ensure the quality of the services and products. For Asda there is constant evaluation of these standards of quality and there are regular checks that if they meet the conditions of good quality provide to the customers regarding the services and products offered to them. There are staff as well as the managerial procedures are taken for the monitoring of the high standards of quality in Asda. The following procedure is followed for the quality assurance in Asda. As first when the goods reach at Asda there is product evaluation test at the first, for the evaluation of the services and products. Even there is monitoring and testing of the taste and quality of the product so that organisation come to know we there that particular product is acceptable for the consumption and can be used by the customer. This procedure is called assurance of quality i.e. quality assurance.    For the next step they carried out the following tests during  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Production of new products that are presently under progress  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Test of products, when there is decision about the changing of the suppliers to Asda  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Test of their own products and brand against their competitors.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Organisation also involved in the product evaluation test. These tests are used to monitor quality and safety standards When they update information on the packaging The packaging information may need to be altered because of legislation that the government have implemented and that Asda have to abide by, or there maybe changes in the nutritional concepts or advances in cooking or food preservations method.  Ã‚  An example of when Asda may use quality assurance to add value to their products is when a product may have its packaging information changed to inform the consumers that it is acceptable to cook or use this product in the microwave.   For the further procedure the products are taken to the laboratory for the testing of the quality and validation of the products. In laboratory there is fibre optic probe placed into them and to each the temperature of the cooking so that there can be assurance of product to reach at required temperature for the safe use of the products.   These tests of quality control are applied to all new and existing products even if these are produce by Asda itself.  These quality tests are conducted in the centre of customer advice, head office and in the laboratory of Asda. The assurance of quality is implemented at all levels of the organisations and employees of the company are convinced to provide the best services to their customers and quality standards are set by the organisation for the better implementation of the quality products by the organisation. This set of high standards is taken as the SWOT i.e. strength, weakness, opportunity and threats to the organisation regarding the environment in which it works. The follow up of SWOT lets the organisation to check if the quality of the products and service meet the standard and are in the good competition with their rivals in the industry. Following are the tools used in the organisation to check the quality of their products. These tools are as follow: Just in time (JIT): in just in time the Asda usually order the products and when they are in need of them. Even product are prepared when they are needed and after production these products are then delivered to the store and those product are produced which are needed. This mainly save the money and even save the time, place for the storage for keeping the raw material and results in the beneficial for the organisation. Even this adds good value to the company and deliver fresh and best of the products and services to the customers to make them happy. Products are then prepared and delivered to the store, which requires the products. This will help save money, storage space required and the number of raw materials kept in stock. Machine utilisation control; In Asda this system is usually put into consideration as the machinery is very important part of the production process. So there is a proper provision of engineer that used to check and maintain the machinery time it time so that the process will not stop in between the work and they might not get the problem in the production system of the organisation, this help to ensure them to complete their task to complete and be in time to provide their services to their stakeholders. Stock control: Stock control is very crucial and organisation put good efforts in maintaining the stock control. In this [procedure there in checking by the senior staff regarding the stock and they decide for the order to make for the organisation. The raw material needed is checked that how much is needed and how much they had in their stock. This help to avoiding the running of low stocks. Quality control: This is very important and in this there is use of a machine that is linked to the computer system. This machine tests the products at every stage during the production development. This adds to improve the quality and help to add the value to the product as there is checking of products at every stage of the production in the organisation. Food additives: There is provision of food additives also. These additives are those chemicals that are natural and made especially for the use Asda also uses food additives. These additive are used to keep the food save and to make them last for long time. This also makes the taste of food good and stops them to get poisoning. These additives used are first approved by government and health care bodies and are allotted with their E-numbers. Asda used to put the names of the labels over the packing to avoid the confusion to the customers. There are some steps that are followed by the organisation for the improvement of the quality standards. Define quality audit systems/practice to manage and monitor quality to standards specified by the organization and process operated. Also suggest ways as to how quality audit systems can be implemented in an organization. Quality audit  is defined as the process of systematic examination of a  quality system  carried out by an internal or external quality auditor or an audit team. It is an important part of organizations  quality management system  and is a key element in the  ISO  quality system standard,  ISO 9001 (Wikipedia.com). Quality audits are usually those time intervals that are performed in a typical way and are predefined. They are used to ensure about the working of organisation as internal systems which are clearly defined in order to monitor those procedure linked to the effective measures. This basically help in the organisation to compiles with the system of quality processes and tends to improve the procedural and assessment criteria based on results. The audits are necessary tools for the management of the in order to verifying and used the objectives and evidences for the processes and even they used to assess the effectiveness and success of the processes and how they has to be implemented in the judgement of the achieving and defining the target s of the organisation. They provide evidences for the elimination and reduction of the problems and their areas. Audits are an essential management tool to be used for verifying objective evidence of processes, to assess how successfully processes have been implemented, for judging the effectiveness of achieving any defined target levels, to provide evidence concerning reduction and elimination of problem areas. [4] Audit Committee of ASDA For the ASDA the audit committee is maintained by the agency and this agency was appointed by the Agency maintained an Audit Committee that was appointed by the board of the ASDA. In this committee there are 2 non-executive members and chief executive executives. There is invitation given to ANAO by the Audit for the observation that financial service to provide the meeting and strengthening of the companys accountability and transparency. Following helps are given to the ASDA by Audit committee improving the quality of accounting and financial control; providing greater accountability and oversight of ASDAs financial management; independently overseeing probity within ASDA; Providing a forum where ASDA Board, executive management, internal audit and ANAO issues could be discussed. Strategic and Operational Plans There is organisation of new plans by the Asda that was endorsed by sports Minister and tourism. The 2005-2009 Strategic Plan prescribes ASDAs: future direction (vision); operating environment (mission); strategic breakthrough issues (goals); Strategies (objectives); Values (operating ethos); and key performance indicators (measures) Highlight the ways to introduce quality culture in your organization to ensure continuous monitoring and development of the process. The term of quality culture is that typical method used by the organisation, this approach is referred to the quality assessment and the implementation of strategic plans and operation for the organisation.   It follows the policies and procedures used to determine the shared beliefs and procedure for the development of the quality assurance in the business and for the solving of different problems and to minimise the risk.   There is interrelationship between the structure of organisation, quality culture and management style and this interrelationship have shown in the following diagram below:   Description: http://www.coursework.info/document/4/3/1/134806/134806_files/image002.jpg Asdas  interconnected its organisational structure and quality culture which is based upon the hierarchical structure power of the company. The diagram below shows quality standards from a consumers point of view. Description: http://www.coursework.info/document/2/1/7/71293/71293_files/image002.gif Consumer  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Description: http://www.coursework.info/document/2/1/7/71293/71293_files/image003.gif  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Creating Standards involve  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  customer satisfaction Description: http://www.coursework.info/document/2/1/7/71293/71293_files/image004.gifExceeding  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Delighting Consumer expectations  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  the consumer There are basically three stages of the quality development as follow: QUALITY CONTROL (QC) QUALITY ASSURANCE (QA) TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT (TQM) Quality Control  (QC) looks at the flow of production. They have to look and see what falls below standards. Quality Control is carried out by quality control inspectors. Inspection and testing are common ways of doing quality control. Quality Assurance  (QA) is concerned with making sure there are no faults before and after the production flow. Quality Assurance also has to make sure all products that are produced are up to standards and have zero defects. Quality Assurance is responsible for a workforce, working in teams rather than an inspector. Total Quality Management  (TQM) goes beyond Quality Assurance. TQM is designed to make every employee delight a customer. Customers are at the centre of the production process. (Reference sources: Heinemann AVCE Advanced Business 2000 edition Dave Needham Rob Grandfield). TQM is a form of operations management. TQM is associated with every worker in a work place and tries to persuade them to consider quality in everything they do. All the employees aim to please customers, as the customers are one of the most important resources they have. Task 3: Improve organizational performance Monitor systems and work activities in your organization and identify problems and opportunities for improvement. SWOT analysis of ASDAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Here I follow up the SWOT analysis of ASDA. A SWOT analysis demonstrates the  strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats  of ASDA. Strengthsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Lots of shareholders Asda have 2nd largest supermarket chain in UK Part of WAL MART Best value for the retailer regarding the money High profits wall- mart ASDA have a lot of shareholders Weaknessesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Not as comparative to Tesco - Britains 1st  biggest supermarket chain More brand products of ASDA, no selling of high brand products. Tend to sell more ASDA brand products rather than big named products e.g. Nestle, Cadbury etc. Generally be contingent on George clothing sales for great profits Less number of stores as Tesco and Sainsbury has. Opportunitiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Offer Gorge clothing stores as Leeds and Croydon Good job developments offer. Equal chancer Threatsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ High competition in the market. Decrease in the number of shareholders. Selling fear by the WAL MART. ASDA HQ might pick at any stretch to become free of the range of George clothing. Develop an Implementation Plan for the evaluated recommendations and evaluated the possible changes within an organization. Following is an implementation plan which has to be followed by ASDA so that it might get the competitive advantages by providing good quality standards. There are many quality control systems that should be followed as under: There are numerous quality control and assurance systems which include:- Quality circles Total quality management ISO 9000 Self-checking or inspection Training and development Bench marking These systems of quality control and assurance are suitable for the different condition within the organisations. In this according to me the total quality management and benchmarking will be the best approach to be followed so to ensure the good quality assurance. The main objective of TQM is to make all the employee so trained that they ensure to make the every customer happy and satisfied with their services and products. Following is the graph for the total quality management for the ASDA. As customers intend to pay high for the attainment of the high quality standards Asda could to be build up the under-one-roof 24 hour shopping strategy by following the new stagey and convenience like store banks, travel agents, takeaways, cafes etc. experience by introducing new services and convenience such as in store banks, travel agents, take away etc.; following is the graph   Conclusion From the above report it is concluded that ASDA has good strategic plan but no plan is perfect there must be need have improvement is all plans and strategies. So in the same way the ASDA has to do some improvements for the purpose to get the good competitive advantages by providing the better quality and services to their stakeholders. For this the organisation has to follow up the tools of total quality management and benchmarking in order to keep its position in the market and for the implementation of good plans regarding the development of the quality systems. References

Hegel vs. Kant :: Spanish Essays

Le point de dà ©part de la philosophie critique de Kant est la philosophie rationaliste de Leibniz-Wolff . Par l’influence de Hume et de Rousseau, qui, selon ses propres termes, le mit  «sur le droit chemin », et provoqua chez lui une  «rà ©volution de la rà ©flexion », Kant sort de son  «sommeil dogmatique » en matià ¨re de contenus et de mà ©thodes, et à ©labore sa propre mà ©thode de rà ©flexion philosophique. L'expression  «critique transcendantale » qualifie le mieux la mà ©thode d'investigation philosophique de Kant. La philosophie rationaliste qui à ©nonce que â€Å" Ce qui nous (gà ¶tà ¼rmek) au savior exacte est les connaissances et les lois a priori† synthetisà © avec la critique de causalità © de Hume et les oeuvres de Rousseau donne la nasisance de cette philosophie critique. Sa volontà © de tracer les frontià ¨res dans tous les matià ¨res est lià © à   la qualità © critique de sa philosophie. â€Å"Critique† est à ¢â‚¬Å"la sà ©paration† dans une autre terme. Son livre â€Å"Critique de la Raison Pure† publià © en 1781, fond la base thà ©orique de critisisme. Cette oeuvre argumente pour â€Å"norte savoir ne puisse jamais transcende l’experience mais il est quasi a priori† et suit un schà ¨me de raisonnement: L’examination des elements du savoir (transcendantale elementaire) , l’examination de la mà ©thode (transcendantale mà ©thodique) en à ©tant sensible (transcendantale à ©sthetique). Elle cherche à   â€Å"araà ¾tà ½rmak les frontià ¨res et la construction du savoir humain†. Cette mà ©thode transcendantale est la mà ©thode qui examine le savoir en soi mais pas le savoir orientà © à   tel ou tel objet.Elle cherche aussi à   trouver la nature exacte des interets ou buts de la raison et la moyenne de puovoir rà ©aliser ces interets. Kant sà ©pare ce que Leibniz confonde : Les jugements analytique et synthetique   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Les jugements a priori et a posteriori(empirique) Les jugements analytiques expliquent seulement les concepts ( le jugement â€Å"les objets occupent une place† ne donne pas une information puisque â€Å"occuper une place† constitue la dà ©finition meme de l’objet) mais ceux qui sont synthà ©tique à ©largissent notre connaissance ( le jugement â€Å"cet objet est lourd† à ©tablit une relation entre le concept d’objet et d’etre lourd) Les jugements analytiques sont a priori mais les jugements synthetiques peuvent etre à   la fois a priori et empirique. Ce problà ¨me de â€Å"pouvoir etre a priori† pour les jugements synthà ©tiques definit le thà ¨me principale de â€Å"La critique de la Raison Pure†.Kant appelle ces jugements synthà ©tiques a priori, la seule source du savoir exacte. à l synthà ¨tise l’idealisme allemand avec l’empirisme et philosophe sur un chemin empiriste rationale.

What Drive Individuals to Commit Crime

Every crime is the result of individual, physical and social conditions. (Ferri, 1893). In â€Å"Thinking seriously about crime† Jock Young described crime as â€Å"a product of the undersocialisation of the individual. This can be a result of (a) an innate genetic or physiological incapacity of the individual to be easily socialised; (b) a family background which was ineffective in the use of socialisation techniques in its child-rearing practices; (c) a social setting which lacked coherent and consistent consensual values†. This statement nicely introduces this essay, as all the main aspects that lead people in to crime will be discussed. Drugs are constantly the issue of intense government and political debate. Drugs and Alcohol are major factors in why people commit crime. An individual may be dealing in drugs to make money; they may commit crimes to feed their habit or they may just use drugs for recreational use. All these are practices are illegal. In the United States of America the number of inmates and prisoners has more than tripled since 1980. Four out of every five got there with the help of drugs and alcohol, says a report released by the National Centre on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University. The report says: Of 1.7 million prisoners in 1996, 1.4 million had violated drug or alcohol laws. They had been under the influence when they committed their crimes, they had stolen to support their habit or had a history of drug or alcohol abuse that led them to commit crimes. In â€Å"The Drugs-Crime Connection† John Ball discusses the criminality of heroin addicts. â€Å"There is a general agreement among criminologists that an increase in criminality commonly occurs following the onset of heroin addiction†. Ball goes on to present the results of a survey conducted on a large group of heroin addicts and their activities whilst on and off heroin. The results are quite significant and clearly show that more crimes were committed whilst on heroin. It is important to note that most of the crimes reported were for theft and that drug use or possession was not classified as a crime. This is hardly surprising. Drug addiction is expensive. But have these people been propelled in to crime or are they committing crime by their own choice? It was most likely that they chose to take heroin but eventually could not come off it. They were then forced, because of their addiction, to go out and commit crime. So in a way they were propelled in to committing crime. But the question should be asked: What propelled them in to taking drugs? Are individuals who grow up or live in poverty propelled in to committing crime? It is certain that individuals who live in poverty are more prone to committing crime than individuals who live in opulence. Comparing crime figures for different areas will clearly show that. But do individuals who live in poverty only commit crime for financial gain? The fact that money is not in abundance is not a just reason to commit crime. There are many people who live in less privileged areas that do not commit crime. So what is the main reason why a person will commit crime? An Individuals† upbringing surely plays the most significant part in determining how they will turn out in life. An article published by Reuters in 1998 discussed the effects absent fathers had on children: â€Å"Sons with absent fathers are more likely to be jailed†. When a father is not present in the home, his son is twice as likely to end up in jail, according to a new study by Cynthia Harper of the University of Pennsylvania and Sara S. McLanahan of Princeton University. Tracking a sample of 6,000 males ages 14 to 22 from 1979 to 1993, the sociologists also found that even after accounting for differences due to race, income and education: The boys who grow up with a stepfather in the home were â€Å"more at risk than those with an absent father, with roughly three times greater risk of incarceration than those who live with both their parents†. Young men whose parents divorce during their adolescence were â€Å"roughly one and a half times as likely to wind up in jail as children from intact families† — faring slightly better than boys who were born to single mothers. While whites have lower rates of father absenteeism than blacks, white youths whose families split are at a higher risk of incarceration than their black peers. The presence of live-in grandparents in households without fathers â€Å"appears to help improve youths' chances of avoiding incarceration†, the study found. The lack of a decent role model in a childs† upbringing can cause many problems. When a child is growing up he/she needs discipline. They need to know what is right and what is wrong. Discipline is best administered by both parents and not just the mother. The statistic above clearly show how detrimental an absent father is to a child but other homes have fathers who, although present, did not nurture their children, or provide basic instruction on establishing healthy boundaries. Child abuse is found in families at every income. It is much more common at the lower income levels. Children who grow up in violent homes tend to use violence when they become adults in marriage and as parents. Each generation directly affects its descendants and indirectly influences later generations in the same family line. If a child grew up in an abusive household and later went on to commit violent crime, would his upbringing be a major factor? From the evidence presented here it can be concluded that an individuals† upbringing has a significant influence on their life. So an individual can be propelled in to crime. But perhaps he/she still has to be a certain type of person? Can people be born bad? The possibility that genetic research might identify genes for criminal Tendencies† has stimulated intense controversy. Media interest in the case of Stephen Thomas Mobley in which a ‘genetic defence† was pursued, together with News coverage of a conference in London in 1995 on ‘The Genetics of Criminal and Antisocial Behaviour†, brought the question of a link between genetics and Criminal behaviour to wide public attention. Mobley was convicted in February 1994 of the murder of John Collins and sentenced to death. Inspired by patterns of aggression in the Mobley family tree, his lawyers attempted to put together a genetic defence, not in hope of an acquittal, but to try to have the sentence reduced from death to life imprisonment (Mobley vs. The State 1995). The defence claims that there is a pattern of aggression and business success in Mobley†s ancestry that suggests a relevant genetic underlying for his criminal behaviour. In Mobley†s case the jury rejected the genetic defence. Whatever the merits of that particular case, might the findings of Behavioural Genetics provide any grounds for a legal defence? Since then a steady output of Newspaper articles and television documentaries have reflected continuing interest and concern over the suggestion that criminals might be born, not made. The nature/nurture debate rages on in many channels, but amongst psychologists and geneticists it is largely resolved that both are important. There are two possible theses of Genetic Determinism. Firstly there is ‘Weak Genetic Determinism† which suggests genetics has a role in the causation of a range of Behavioural and/or personality traits, such as aggression, dominance and IQ which are relevant to criminality. Secondly there is ‘Strong Genetic Determinism† which suggests genetics is a causally sufficient condition (under normal circumstances) for a range of behavioural and/or personality traits that Lead to criminality. But can an individuals genes lead to a life in crime? Are they the main contributing factor? Weak genetic determinism seems to be the more plausible theory. Strong genetic determinism would suggest that there exists something like a â€Å"Murderer gene† or a â€Å"Bank robber gene†. We clearly know this not to be true. We would then see a more even spread of crime throughout the nation if this were so. The premise that genes contribute towards persons† outcome in life can be accepted. If an individual has genes which make them highly aggressive then that person would be more prone to violent situations than a person whose genes make them a less aggressive person. The same would apply to IQ and dominance. However, it is sensible to say that not enough is known about genetics to make these theories solid fact but enough is known to show that genes can influence a person when certain situations exist. It is therefore safe to conclude that an individual is not propelled in to crime because of his genes, they can only influence him. This essay has looked at many possible reasons why individuals are propelled in to committing crime. We know that individuals† upbringing is clearly a large factor in determining an individuals† outcome in life. When an individual is being brought up he/she are taught what is right and wrong by their parents. The data shown in this essay clearly shows the detrimental effect that absent parents have on a child. The possibility that genetics plays a key role in the reasons why people commit crime has been looked at. It is safe to say that most likely, individuals are not propelled in to crime because they were â€Å"born bad†. It is also safe to say that not enough is known about genetics to present a concrete conclusion on the matter. From the data shown we know that when people are on drugs such as heroin, they will commit crime. Most individuals commit crime of their own accord. Whether they had a poor upbringing, they live in a â€Å"problem area†, are on drugs or have â€Å"criminal genes† they still commit crimes for personal gain. They are not propelled in to committing anything.

The Mosaic floors at Fishbourne

The Mosaic floors at Fishbourne have been damaged in a variety of ways. In this essay I am going to describe and explain how several of the floors have been damaged before explaining how the damage might have been caused. In addition, I will then explain what this damage can tell us about the changing function of the site. I will now organise the damaged floors into different categorises of 4 types, and those 4 types are:- Natural-natural damage such as weather erosion. Structural- structural damage such as post holes or ditches or drain marks. Accidental-accidental damage such as JCB marks, or plough marks. Vandalism-vandalism damage made on purpose such as rubbish site. I will now describe and explain each of the 4 different types of floor damage. I will start off with Natural damage. There are 2 clearly visible effects of natural damage at Fishbourne, the first is Subsidence, subsidence is the motion of a surface as it shifts downward relative to a datum such as sea-level, there are clear and visible marks of subsidence at Fishbourne as one of the floors is decomposed and has signs of floor sinking, and tiles crumbled down also sinking, this tells us that the place could have been used as a rubbish tip site before because there are clear dips around that particular floor so people could of just thrown rubbish into it and then buried it, then built over with mosaic and now dug up again, subsidence also occurs in brittle areas of the Earth's crust and by ductile flow in the hotter and more fluid mantle of the Earth caused by the footwall of normal faults. And the second natural damage is Fire, one of the floors at Fishbourne shows heavy erosion by weathering, this is because during Roman rule, a fire was reported and burned most of the place, when the fire ended, it burned and completely destroyed the roof in that particular area, so there was then no roof and the mosaic floor was then exposed to the harsh English weather which slowly eroded it and eventually was then covered over by Earth and then eventually dug up, the fire did not actually cause any damage, but it burned down the roof so it collapsed onto the floor creating the first part of the damage, and then the weather erodes the floor and creates the second part of the damage. I will now explore Structural damage, there are 2 clear visible effects of structural damage, and the first is Granary Posts, one floor at Fishbourne has clear post holes left in it, they are equal length apart from each other and are opposite to each other. This shows that if there were Granary Posts, there was a Granary store used to store goods such as food, weapons, jewellery, and other valuables, when the Granary store was taken down, posts were left there and the wood oxidized and rotted. This tells us that the people that put up the Granary store and took it down were probably in a rush and wanted to do it quickly, and the Granary store could of be used for military purposes, also the wooden posts were left there after granary store was taken down, this tells us that maybe the Romans did not really know about objects like wood rotting, and they could have been in a hurry to take down the granary store as posts were left in there this could show they did not have time to take out the posts. The second Structural damage is a Drainage Ditch, a floor at Fishbourne has damage which can suggest that a Drainage Ditch could have been placed there earlier on because there is a massive dip in the shape of a ditch on one of the mosaics, in the Medieval period this drainage ditch could have been used for growing various crop, and might have been used as a burial ground or even a rubbish tip again, there is evidence of it being a burial ground because a skeleton was found under that mosaic. I will now look at the Accidental damage, there are 2 cases of accidental damage at Fishbourne, the first is a JCB channel concrete mark, one of the mosaics at Fishborne has been damaged by a channel of concrete that runs through the mosaic floor, it is clearly visible and was caused when the site was first discovered, the concrete was used to fill in the ditch that had been dug by a mechanical digger in order to lay water pipes in the 1960s, this tells us that the Fishbourne site had been completely overgrown, no-one knew of the site's existence until the 1960s, by then 3 quarters of the site had already been destroyed by this time. And the second damage is Medieval ploughing, one of the floors at Fishbourne has deep parallel line plough marks in the floor probably caused by a Medieval plough, this tells us that the place could possibly of been used to grow various crops on farm land in medieval times. I will now finish off the different types of damage by exploring the last type of damage which is vandalism, at Fishbourne there is 1 case of vandalism damage, near one of the mosaics there is a burial site with a number of graves and skeleton bones found in them, but some of the mosaic floor patterns are still visible under the skeleton, dug through the tiles, there could of probably been robbers trying to get to the bodies and could of smashed through the grave looking for valuables, this tells us that the site could have been used as a burial ground, and maybe in a hurry to burry someone. To conclude this essay, from the evidence that is available to me at the site and through other sources such as photographs and extracts I can successfully prove how the floors were damaged at Fishbourne and explain  about the different types of floor damage as I have already done this earlier  on in this essay in the main body of evidence.